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2.4 BIM 環境、平臺、工具
截至目前，本章概述了BIM設計應用程序作為基于構件參數化設計工具而發展出來的基本功能。現在我們來看看主要的BIM設計應用程序以及它們的功能差異。目前為止，我們已經以單一的方式考慮了參數化建模應用程序，主要是作為工具生成設計信息，并可能用于構建和管理這些信息。當更加細化地考慮使用這些應用程序時，我們注意到大多數BIM設計應用程序不僅僅是設計工具。多數BIM設計應用程序也有與其它應用程序之間的接口，用于渲染、能耗分析、成本預算等等。有些應用程序也具有多用戶功能以便能讓多個用戶協調彼此的工作。
當在機構內規劃并開展BIM時，將它放在系統架構術語中來考慮是很有用的。在大多數機構中，BIM涵蓋了多種應用程序用于不同使用目的。如何概念化和組織化這些不同的應用程序？大公司一般會支持并在某種意義上整合10——50種不同的應用程序供員工使用。
我們對已經長期非正式使用了的術語進行了明確，以從下列層次結構中考量BIM應用程序：
·BIM工具：可產出特定成果的專項應用程序；比如用于生成模型、出圖、編寫規范、成本預算、碰撞和錯項檢測、能耗分析、渲染、做計劃以及可視化的工具。工具輸出的內容往往是報告、圖紙等獨立的成果。然而，在某些情況下，工具輸出就是導入到其它應用程序，例如用于成本預算的工程量提取和結構導入到節點深化應用程序。
·BIM平臺：BIM平臺通常是一種設計類應用程序，可生成數據用于多個使用目的。它能提供一個持有平臺上信息的主要數據模型。多數BIM平臺也內部整合了諸如出圖和碰撞檢測之類的功能。它們通常會根據不同的整合等級將接口與多個其他工具結合在一起。有些平臺共用用戶接口和交互類型。Digital Project就是以這種方式構建的（它的Structure、 Imagine 、Shape以及 System Routing這些工具就是在其系統內組織化的Workbenches）。
·BIM環境：它是一個或多個信息管道的數據管理，用于整合組織內的應用程序（工具和平臺）。它支持機構內部信息的政策和實踐。BIM環境往往是非概念化的并且是根據公司內部需要特別產生的。它們的顯著應用點是多種BIM工具數據庫的自動化生成和管理。同樣，當使用多種平臺以及多種數據模型時，就需要另一種層級的數據管理和協調。這些能處理人與人、平臺與平臺之間追蹤和協調溝通方面的問題。BIM環境為承載除了模型數據之外其它更廣泛的信息形式提供了機會，例如視頻、圖片、音頻、電郵以及很多用于管理項目的其它信息形式。創建BIM環境不是為了管理那些不同的信息。第三章3.5節中談論的BIM服務器是用于支持BIM環境的新產品。另外，BIM環境包含了可循環利用的構件和組件庫、機構支持的應用程序接口以及整合管理和會計系統的鏈接。
BIM平臺有足夠的信息來支持構件的創建、編輯以及修改等設計操作。它們承載著能維持建筑模型正確性的參數化規則和其它規則。它們可能有多種內置工具用于3D建模、工程量提取、渲染以及出圖。相反，BIM工具缺乏可正確更新建筑設計的架構和規則。BIM平臺能分析、追蹤和打包數據用于成本或規劃以及生成規范，也可能生成渲染和動畫。BIM平臺通常也能非正式地作為BIM環境使用，例如依賴于一個平臺在機構內提供所有的服務并為機構提供整合環境。平臺供應商通過提供眾所周知的"完整解決方案"促進了這一點。
截止目前，我們已經使用了通用術語“應用程序”，而沒有區分這三種層次。在以后章節中，我們會明確地使用我們在本節中所定義的這三種概念（即BIM工具、BIM平臺、BIM環境）。
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2.4 BIM ENVIRONMENTS, PLATFORMS, AND TOOLS
This chapter has, so far, provided an overview of the basic capabilities of BIM design applications resulting from their development as object-based paramet- ric design tools. We now turn to reviewing the main BIM design applications and their functional differences. We have considered parametric modeling applications up to this point in a homogeneous manner, primarily as tools for generating design information, and possibly for structuring it and managing it. In considering their use in more detail, we note that most BIM design applica- tions aspire to be more than a design tool. Most BIM design applications also have interfaces to other applications, for rendering, energy analysis, cost esti- mation, and so forth. Some also provide multiuser capabilities that allow mul- tiple users to coordinate their work.
In planning and developing BIM within an organization, it is useful to think of it in system architecture terms. BIM, in most organizations, will involve multiple applications, for different uses. How are the different applications to be conceptualized and organized? Large firms will typically support and in some sense integrate 10 to 50 different applications for their employees’ use.
We make explicit use of some terms that long have been used informally, to consider BIM applications in the following hierarchy:
? BIM tool: a task-specific application that produces a specific outcome; example tools are those for model generation, drawing production, specifi- cation writing, cost estimation, clash and error detection, energy analysis, rendering, scheduling, and visualization. Tool output is often standalone, as reports, drawings, and so forth. In some cases, however, tool output is exported to other tool applications, such as quantity takeoffs to cost esti- ation, and structural reactions fed to a connection-detailing application.
? BIM platform: an application, usually for design, that generates data for multiple uses. It provides a primary data model that hosts the information on the platform. Most BIM platforms also internally incorporate tool functionality such as drawing production and clash detection. They typically incorporate interfaces to multiple other tools with varied levels of integra- tion. Some platforms share the user interface and style of interaction. Dig- ital Project is structured in this way, with its Structure, Imagine and Shape, and System Routing tools organized within their system as Workbenches.
? BIM environment: the data management of one or more information pipelines that integrate the applications (tools and platforms) within an organization. It supports policies and practices of information within the organization. Often the BIM environment is not conceptualized and grows in an ad hoc manner by the needs within the firm. Automatic generation and management of multiple BIM tool datasets is their obvious use. Also, when multiple platforms are used, and thus multiple data models, another level of data management and coordination is required. These address tracking and coordinating communication between people as well as multiple platforms. BIM environments provide the oppor- tunity to carry much wider forms of information than model data alone, such as video, images, audio records, emails, and many other forms of information used in managing a project. BIM platforms are not set to manage such perse information. BIM servers, reviewed in Chapter 3, Section 3.5, are the new products targeted to support BIM environments. In addition, the BIM environment includes object and assembly libraries for reuse, interfaces to the applications the organization supports, and links to corporate management and accounting systems.
BIM platforms have sufficient information to support design operations of object creation, editing, and modification. They carry parametric and other rules important for maintaining the correctness of a building model spatially. They may have multiple embedded tools for 3D modeling, quantity takeoff for rendering, and for drawing production. BIM tools, in contrast, lack the structure and rules for correctly updating the building design. They provide analyses, track and package data for costs or schedules, and generate specifications and possibly generate renderings or animations. Platforms are often also informally used as the BIM environment, relying on one platform to provide all the services within an organization and providing the integration environment for the organization. Platform vendors promote this, through their offering of the proverbial “complete solution.”
Up to this point, we have used the generic term application without distinguishing these three levels. In future chapters, we will use these concepts explicitly in the way they are defined here.
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