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公眾號名稱：BIM譯站
公眾號賬號：BIM2018130
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2.5.2 作為BIM平臺
下面我們闡述一款應用程序用于作為一個設計平臺時的的主要區別性功能。BIM設計應用程序的基本功能是以作為工具開始的，由于建筑模型信息的使用得到認可，便開始成為一個平臺。隨著建筑信息模型的潛在應用的增長，對BIM平臺的需求也越來越重要。大多數帶有廣泛接口工具的BIM平臺都能在微軟的Windows系統中運行；小部分能在蘋果公司的Macintosh上運行，并且能在它上面有接口的應用程序更少。我們根據對功能重要性的認識，按照粗略的順序一一列舉。
可伸縮性：這是處理大型項目整合以及高水平詳細建模的能力。這個功能涵蓋了無論項目中的3D參數化構件有多少都能保持系統響應的能力。這項能力在工具級別是很重要的，但工具在任何時候的應用范圍上通常是受限的。當用級別化的參數管理大型面層或整個建筑外殼的時候，設計的可伸縮性就會非常重要。在數據管理方面的一個基本問題是，系統是基于磁盤而不是基于內存的程度。由于基于磁盤的系統的磁盤讀/寫速度慢，該類系統對于小項目來說是比較慢的，但是隨著項目規模的加大，系統變慢的速度也會慢下來。基于內存的系統在輕量的情況下通常會更快，不過一旦內存空間耗盡，系統的性能就會大打折扣。可伸縮性部分上是受限于運行系統的；無特別設置的Windows XP、32位版本的系統僅支持單個進程最多2 GB的工作內存。適用于Windows和Snow Leopard的64位架構消除了內存使用限制，并且變得既便宜又普遍。對某些系統來說，顯卡性能同樣重要。第2.3.4節（回復B38查看）對該話題做了更詳盡的探討。
工具界面：作為一個平臺，BIM平臺要能夠呈現大量的信息，如幾何圖形、屬性以及其與其它應用程序之間的關系。典型應用包括分析過程在用到的結構、能源、照明、成本和其它分析功能；
碰撞檢查和用于設計協調的問題追蹤；采購和材料追蹤；施工的任務和設備調度。工具界面的重要性取決于BIM平臺的使用意向，它是由特定的工作流程模式定義的。本書第5、6、7章從不同背景闡述了這些功能的使用，我們會在這幾章中從工具和工作流角度評估它們的適當性。
BIM構件庫：每種BIM平臺都有各種可被載入并應用的預定義構件庫。這些構件庫因了可免去用戶自己進行定義的需要而非常有幫助。一般來說，預定義構件越多幫助性越大。關于這些構件對不同使用目的有多好，有進一步的區分。目前來說，幾乎沒有將構件圖形之外的信息架構標準化的投入。在這里，我們指的是用于選取的規范、分析方面的應用規范、服務手冊、用于渲染的材料屬性和其它類似的應用。據我們所知，只有smartBIM庫（詳見第五章）已經開始處理這些問題了。在考慮不同的BIM平臺時，預定義建筑構件的可用性有助于在該平臺上的工作。
平臺用戶接口一致性：根據兩種不同的使用場景，平臺接口具有不同的準則。一種場景是，工具是由大型公司中不同部門的專業人員或顧問操作的。在這種情況下，每種工具都有其自己的邏輯并在工具級別準則中處理。另一種場景是，多個平臺用戶共享并使用這些工具。這種情況下，工具之間的一致性對于學習和使用方面非常重要。由于要支持的功能范圍甚廣，這（平臺用戶接口一致性）也是一項挑戰。
可擴展性：可擴展性功能是基于BIM平臺是否提供腳本支持進行評估的，腳本支持是一種能增加軟件功能或自動化完成低級別任務的交互語言，類似于AutoCAD 中的AutoLISP?（Excel格式的雙向接口），也是廣泛而能很好記錄的應用程序接口（API）。腳本語言和Excel接口通常由終端用戶使用，而API是針對軟件開發人員的。這些功能的需求取決于公司想要定制化功能的程度，比如自定義參數化構件、專門的功能或者與其它應用程序的接口。
互操作性：為了早期項目可行性研究，要生成一部分模型數據與其它應用程序共享，以便與工程師以及其它顧問人員和后續施工協作。協作是由BIM平臺所能提供的與其它特定產品的接口以及（更通俗的說）其導入和導出支持開放數據交換標準的程度支持的。這兩種接口在第三章中都有詳細論述。該開放交換標準正變得越來越細化，并開始支持工作流級別的交換。這需要導出和導入轉換要多樣化。易于自定義化導入和導出的工具非常有益。這里考量了兩種工具接口以及互操作性的更加通用的方面。
多用戶環境：有些系統支持設計團隊之間的協作。它們支持多個用戶直接在單個項目文件中創建并編輯同一個項目的分部，并能管理用戶對這些各種信息部分的訪問。這一功能可在基于磁盤的平臺中進行。該功能在基于內存的BIM平臺中沒什么意義，因為在那里多個用戶會爭搶同一個地址空間和硬件資源。
有效支持管理屬性：屬性是大多數支持BIM的工具所需數據的組成部分。屬性組要易于設置并與其所描述的構件實例相關聯。在不同的平臺上，用于這項功能的工具千差萬別。
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2.5.2 As a BIM Platform
Below we describe the major discriminating capabilities of an application meant to serve as a design platform. The basic functionality of BIM design applications was initiated as a tool and began serving the idea of a platform as the uses of building model information were recognized. The requirements of a BIM platform have grown in importance as the potential uses of building information have increased. Most BIM platforms operate on the Microsoft Windows platform with a wide range of interfacing tools; a few support the Apple Mac- intosh, where the range of applications to interface with is fewer. We enumerate them in rough-rank order, based on our sense of their level of importance.
Scalability: This is the ability to handle combinations of a large project scale and modeling at a high level of detail. This involves the ability of the system to remain responsive regardless of the number of 3D parametric objects in the project. This capability can be important at the tool level, but the scope of a tool at any one time is usually limited. The scalability of a design becomes critical when hierarchical parameters are used to manage large ps of fa?ade or the whole building envelope. A fundamental issue is the degree that the system is disk-based, in terms of data management, rather than memory-based. Disk-based systems are slower for small projects because of disk read/write speeds, but their delay time grows slowly as the project size grows. Memory-based systems are usually quicker under light loads, but performance drops quickly once memory space is exhausted. Scalability is partially limited by the operating system; Windows XP, 32-bit version, without special settings, only supports up to 2 gigabytes of working memory for a single process. Sixty-four-bit architectures for Windows and Snow Leopard eliminate the memory use restriction and are becoming inexpensive and common. Graphic card performance also is important for some systems. This topic is discussed in more detail in Section 2.3.4.
Tool Interfaces: As a platform, a BIM application needs to be able to present a large range of information, as geometry, properties, and as rela- tions between them, to other applications. Typical uses include structural, energy, lighting, costs, and other analyses during design; clash detection and issues tracking for design coordination; purchasing and materials tracking; and task and equipment scheduling for construction. Tool interfaces of importance depend on the intended use of the BIM platform, defined by particular patterns of workflow. We assess their appropriateness in the tools and workflows in the chapters that address their use in different contexts—Chapters 5, 6, and 7.
Libraries of BIM Elements: Each BIM platform has various libraries of predefined objects that can be imported for use. These can be helpful by eliminating the need to define them yourself. In general, the more predefined objects, the more helpful. There is a further level of discrimination regarding how good the objects are for different uses. Currently, there is little effort to standardize the structure of object information beyond geometry. Here we are referring to specifications for selection, specifications for use in analyses, service manuals, material properties for use in rendering, and other similar uses. Only the smartBIM Library, reviewed in Chapter 5, has begun to address these issues, to our knowledge. In considering different platforms, the availability of predefined building objects facilitates work on that platform.
Platform User Interface Consistency: Platform interfaces have different criteria according to two different scenarios of use. In one case, the tools are operated by specialists in different departments in a large firm, or by consultants. In this case, each tool has its own logic and is addressed in the tool-level criteria. In the other scenario, the tools are shared and used by multiple platform users. In this case, the consistency across tools is very important, for ease of learning and use. It is a challenge because of the wide range of functionality to be supported.
Extensibility: Extensibility capabilities are assessed based on whether a BIM platform provides scripting support—an interactive language that adds functionality or automates low-level tasks, similar to AutoLISP? in AutoCAD—an Excel format bidirectional interface, and a broad and well- documented application programming interface (API). Scripting languages and Excel interfaces are generally for end users, while an API is intended for software developers. These capabilities are needed depending on the extent to which a firm expects to customize capabilities, such as custom parametric objects, specialized functions, or interfaces to other applications.
Interoperability: Model data is generated, in part, to share with other applications for early project feasibility studies, for collaboration with engineers and other consultants and later for construction. Collaboration is supported by the degree that the BIM platform provides interfaces with other specific products and, more generally, its import and export sup- port of open data exchange standards. Both these types of interfaces are reviewed in detail in Chapter 3. The open exchange standards are getting more elaborate, starting to support workflow-level exchanges. This requires export and import translations to be varied. An easily customizable import and export facility is highly beneficial. Both tool interfaces and the more general aspects of interoperability are considered here.
Multiuser Environment: Some systems support collaboration among a design team. They allow multiple users to create and edit parts of the same project directly from a single project file and manage user access to these various information parts. This can work in a disk-based plat- form. It makes less sense in a memory-based BIM platform, where the multiple users are competing for the same address space and hardware resources.
Effective Support for Managing Properties: Properties are an integral part of the data needed for most BIM support tools. Property sets need to be easily set up and associated with the object instances they describe. Tools for this capability vary a lot on different platforms.
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